open import Cat.Instances.Shape.Terminal
open import Cat.Diagram.Colimit.Base
open import Cat.Instances.Functor
open import Cat.Diagram.Initial
open import Cat.Functor.Adjoint
open import Cat.Instances.Comma
open import Cat.Functor.Base
open import Cat.Prelude

import Cat.Functor.Reasoning as Func
import Cat.Reasoning as Cat

module Cat.Functor.Kan where

Kan extensions🔗

Suppose we have a functor F:CDF : \ca{C} \to \ca{D}, and a functor p:CCp : \ca{C} \to \ca{C}' — perhaps to be thought of as a full subcategory inclusion, where C\ca{C}' is a completion of C\ca{C}, but the situation applies just as well to any pair of functors — which naturally fit into a commutative diagram

but as we can see this is a particularly sad commutative diagram; it’s crying out for a third edge CD\ca{C}' \to \ca{D}

extending FF to a functor CD\ca{C}' \to \ca{D}. If there exists an universal such extension (we’ll define what “universal” means in just a second), we call it the left Kan extension of FF along pp, and denote it LanpF\Lan_p F. Such extensions do not come for free (in a sense they’re pretty hard to come by), but concept of Kan extension can be used to rephrase the definition of both limit and adjoint functor.

A left Kan extension LanpF\Lan_p F is equipped with a natural transformation η:FLanpFp\eta : F \To \Lan_p F \circ p witnessing the (“directed”) commutativity of the triangle (so that it need not commute on-the-nose) which is universal among such transformations; Meaning that if M:CDM : \ca{C'} \to \ca{D} is another functor with a transformation α:MMp\alpha : M \To M \circ p, there is a unique natural transformation σ:LanpFM\sigma : \Lan_p F \To M which commutes with α\alpha.

Note that in general the triangle commutes “weakly”, but when pp is fully faithful and D\ca{D} is cocomplete, LanpF\Lan_p F genuinely extends pp, in that η\eta is a natural isomorphism.

record Lan (p : Functor C C′) (F : Functor C D) : Type (kan-lvl p F) where
  field
    Ext : Functor C′ D
    eta : F => Ext F∘ p

Universality of eta is witnessed by the following fields, which essentially say that, in the diagram below (assuming MM has a natural transformation α\alpha witnessing the same “directed commutativity” that η\eta does for LanpF\Lan_p F), the 2-cell exists and is unique.

    σ : {M : Functor C′ D} (α : F => M F∘ p)  Ext => M
    σ-comm : {M : Functor C′ D} {α : F => M F∘ p}  whiskerl (σ α) ∘nt eta  α
    σ-uniq : {M : Functor C′ D} {α : F => M F∘ p} {σ′ : Ext => M}
            α  whiskerl σ′ ∘nt eta
            σ α  σ′

Ubiquity🔗

The elevator pitch for Kan extensions is that “all concepts are Kan extensions”. The example we will give here is that, if FGF \dashv G is an adjunction, then (G,η)(G, \eta) gives LanF(Id)\Lan_F(\id{Id}). This isn’t exactly enlightening: adjunctions and Kan extensions have very different vibes, but the latter concept is a legitimate generalisation.

  adjoint→lan : Lan F Id
  adjoint→lan .Ext = G
  adjoint→lan .eta = unit

The proof is mostly pushing symbols around, and the calculation is available below unabridged. In components, σx\sigma_x must give, assuming a map α:IdMFx\alpha : \id{Id} \To MFx, a map GxMxGx \to Mx. The transformation we’re looking for arises as the composite

GxαMFGxMεMx, Gx \xto{\alpha} MFGx \xto{M\epsilon} Mx\text{,}

where uniqueness and commutativity follows from the triangle identities zig and zag.

  adjoint→lan .σ {M} α .η x = M .Functor.F₁ (counit.ε _) C.∘ α .η (G.₀ x)
  adjoint→lan .σ {M} nt .is-natural x y f =
    (M.₁ (counit.ε _) C.∘ nt .η _) C.∘ G.₁ f            ≡⟨ C.pullr (nt .is-natural _ _ _) 
    M.₁ (counit.ε _) C.∘ M.₁ (F.₁ (G.₁ f)) C.∘ nt .η _  ≡⟨ M.extendl (counit.is-natural _ _ _) 
    M.₁ f C.∘ M.₁ (counit.ε _) C.∘ nt .η _              
    where module M = Func M

  adjoint→lan .σ-comm {M} {α} = Nat-path λ _ 
    (M.₁ (counit.ε _) C.∘ α.η _) C.∘ unit.η _              ≡⟨ C.pullr (α.is-natural _ _ _) 
    M.₁ (counit.ε _) C.∘ M.₁ (F.F₁ (unit .η _)) C.∘ α.η _  ≡⟨ M.cancell zig 
    α.η _                                                  
    where module α = _=>_ α
          module M = Func M

  adjoint→lan .σ-uniq {M} {α} {σ'} p = Nat-path λ x 
    M.₁ (counit.ε _) C.∘ α.η _                ≡⟨ ap (_ C.∘_) (ap  e  e .η _) p) 
    M.₁ (counit.ε _) C.∘ σ' .η _ C.∘ unit.η _ ≡⟨ C.extendl (sym (σ' .is-natural _ _ _)) 
    σ' .η _ C.∘ G.₁ (counit.ε _) C.∘ unit.η _ ≡⟨ C.elimr zag 
    σ' .η x                                   
    where module α = _=>_ α
          module M = Func M

A formula🔗

In the cases where C,D\ca{C}, \ca{D} are “small enough” and E\ca{E} is “cocomplete enough”, the left Kan extension of any functor F:CEF : \ca{C} \to \ca{E} along any functor K:CDK : \ca{C} \to \ca{D} exists, and is computed as a colimit in E\ca{E}. The size concerns here is unavoidable, so let’s be explicit about them: Suppose that E\ca{E} admits colimits of κ\kappa-small diagrams, e.g. because it is Setsκ\sets_\kappa. Then the category C\ca{C} must be κ\kappa-small, and D\ca{D} must be locally κ\kappa-small, i.e. its Hom-sets must live in the κ\kappath universe.

The size restrictions on C\ca{C} and D\ca{D} ensure that the comma category KdK \searrow d is κ\kappa-small, so that E\ca{E} has a colimit for it. The objects of this category can be considered “approximations of dd coming from C\ca{C}”, so the colimit over this category is a “best approximation of dd”! The rest of the computation is “straightforward” in the way that most category-theoretic computations are: it looks mighty complicated from the outside, but when you’re actually working them out, there’s only one step you can take at each point. Agda’s goal-and-context display guides you the whole way.

  lan-approximate :  {d e} (f : D.Hom d e)  Cocone (F F∘ Dom K (const! d))
  lan-approximate {e = e} f .coapex = colim (F F∘ Dom K (const! e)) .bot .coapex
  lan-approximate {e = e} f .ψ x =
    colim (F F∘ Dom K (const! e)) .bot .ψ (record { map = f D.∘ x .map })
  lan-approximate {e = e} f .commutes {x} {y} h =
    colim (F F∘ Dom K (const! e)) .bot .commutes (record { sq = path })
    where abstract
      path : (f D.∘ y .map) D.∘ K.₁ (h .α)  D.id D.∘ (f D.∘ x .map)
      path =
        (f D.∘ y .map) D.∘ K.₁ (h .α) ≡⟨ D.pullr (h .sq) 
        f D.∘ D.id D.∘ x .map         ≡⟨ solve D 
        D.id D.∘ (f D.∘ x .map)       

  cocomplete→lan : Lan K F
  cocomplete→lan = lan where
    diagram :  d  Functor (K  d) E
    diagram d = F F∘ Dom K (const! d)

    approx = lan-approximate

Our extension will associate to each object dd the colimit of

(Kd)DomCFE, (K \searrow d) \xto{\id{Dom}} C \xto{F} E\text{,}

where Dom\id{Dom} is the functor which projects out the domain of each object of KdK \searrow d. Now, we must also associate arrows f:deDf : d \to e \in \ca{D} to arrows between the respective colimits of dd and ee. What we note is that any arrow f:def : d \to e displays (the colimit associated with) ee as a cocone under dd, as can be seen in the computation of approx above.

Our functor can then take an arrow f:def : d \to e to the uniqueness arrow from colim(d)colim(e)\colim(d) \to \colim(e) (punning dd and ee for their respective diagrams), which exists because colim(d)\colim(d) is initial. Uniqueness of this arrow ensures that this assignment is functorial — but as the functoriality proof is (to use a technical term) goddamn nasty, we leave it hidden from the page.

    func : Functor D E
    func .F₀ d = colim (diagram d) .bot .coapex
    func .F₁ {d} {e} f = colim (diagram d) .has⊥ (approx f) .centre .hom

It remains to show that our extension functor admits a natural transformation (with components) Fxcolim(Fx)Fx \to \colim(Fx), but we can take these arrows to be the colimit coprojections ψ; The factoring natural transformation σ is given by eliminating the colimit, which ensures commutativity and uniqueness. We leave the rest of the computation in this <details> tag, for the interested reader.

Fair advance warning that the computation here doesn’t have any further comments.
    lan : Lan K F
    lan .Ext = func
    lan .eta .η x = colim (diagram (K.₀ x)) .bot .ψ (record { map = D.id })

    lan .σ {M} α .η x = colim (diagram x) .has⊥ cocone′ .centre .hom
      where
        module M = Func M

        cocone′ : Cocone _
        cocone′ .coapex = M.₀ x
        cocone′ .ψ ob = M.₁ (ob .map) E.∘ α .η _
        cocone′ .commutes {x} {y} f =
          (M.₁ (y .map) E.∘ α .η _) E.∘ F.₁ (f .↓Hom.α)      ≡⟨ E.pullr (α .is-natural _ _ _) 
          M.₁ (y .map) E.∘ M.₁ (K.₁ (f .↓Hom.α)) E.∘ α .η _  ≡⟨ M.pulll (f .↓Hom.sq  D.idl _) 
          M.₁ (x .map) E.∘ α .η _                            

    lan .eta .is-natural x y f = sym $
        colim (diagram (K.₀ x)) .has⊥ (approx (K.₁ f)) .centre .commutes _
       sym (colim (diagram (K.₀ y)) .bot .commutes
            (record { sq = D.introl refl  ap₂ D._∘_ refl (sym D.id-comm) }))

    lan .σ {M} α .is-natural x y f =
      ap hom $ is-contr→is-prop (colim (diagram x) .has⊥ cocone′)
        (cocone-hom _ λ o  E.pullr (colim (diagram x) .has⊥ (approx f) .centre .commutes _)
                           colim (diagram y) .has⊥ _ .centre .commutes _)
        (cocone-hom _ λ o  E.pullr (colim (diagram x) .has⊥ _ .centre .commutes _)
                           M.pulll refl)
      where
        module M = Func M

        cocone′ : Cocone _
        cocone′ .coapex = M.₀ y
        cocone′ .ψ x = _
        cocone′ .commutes {x} {y} f =
            E.pullr (α .is-natural _ _ _)
           M.pulll (D.pullr (f .↓Hom.sq  D.idl _))

    lan .σ-comm {M = M} =
      Nat-path λ x  colim (diagram (K.₀ x)) .has⊥ _  .centre .commutes _  M.eliml refl
      where module M = Func M

    lan .σ-uniq {M = M} {α} {σ'} path = Nat-path λ x 
      ap hom $ colim (diagram _) .has⊥ _ .paths
        (cocone-hom _ λ o  sym $
            ap₂ E._∘_ refl (ap  e  e .η _) path)
           E.pulll (sym (σ' .is-natural _ _ _))
           E.pullr ( colim _ .has⊥ _ .centre .commutes _
                     ap (colim (diagram x) .bot .ψ)
                         (↓Obj-path _ _ refl refl (D.idr _))))

A useful result about this calculation of LanF(G)\Lan_F(G) is that, if FF is fully faithful, then LanF(G)FG\Lan_F(G) \circ F \cong G — the left Kan extension along a fully-faithful functor does actually extend.

  private module Fn = Cat Cat[ C , E ]
  open _=>_

  ff-lan-ext : is-fully-faithful K  cocomplete→lan .Ext F∘ K Fn.≅ F

  ff-lan-ext ff = Fn._Iso⁻¹ (Fn.invertible→iso (cocomplete→lan .eta) inv) where
    inv′ :  x  E.is-invertible (cocomplete→lan .eta .η x)
    inv′ x = E.make-invertible to invl invr where
      cocone′ : Cocone _
      cocone′ .coapex = F.₀ x
      cocone′ .ψ ob = F.₁ (equiv→inverse ff (ob .map))
      cocone′ .commutes {x = y} {z} f =
        F.collapse (fully-faithful→faithful {F = K} ff
          ( K .Functor.F-∘  _ _
           ap₂ D._∘_ (equiv→section ff _) refl
           f .sq
           D.idl _
           sym (equiv→section ff _)))

      to : E.Hom _ (F.₀ x)
      to = colim _ .has⊥ cocone′ .centre .hom

      invl : cocomplete→lan .eta .η x E.∘ to  E.id
      invl = ap hom $ is-contr→is-prop
        (colim _ .has⊥ (colim (F F∘ Dom K (const! _)) .bot))
        (cocone-hom _ λ o 
            E.pullr (colim _ .has⊥ cocone′ .centre .commutes _)
           colim _ .bot .commutes
              (record { sq = ap (D.id D.∘_) (equiv→section ff _) }))
        (cocone-hom _ λ o  E.idl _)

      invr : to E.∘ cocomplete→lan .eta .η x  E.id
      invr = colim _ .has⊥ cocone′ .centre .commutes _
            F.elim (fully-faithful→faithful {F = K} ff
                      (equiv→section ff _  sym K.F-id))

    inv : Fn.is-invertible (cocomplete→lan .eta)
    inv = componentwise-invertible→invertible (cocomplete→lan .eta) inv′